Doublet Separations #

V 2p (metal) = 7.6 eV

V 2p (oxide) = 7.4 eV

Common Overlaps for Cu 2p #

I 3p – Pr 3d – Bi 4s – Sb 3s – Mn LMM (Al Ka X-rays)

Common Overlaps for Cu 3s #

Pr 4d – Nd 4d – Al 2s – Pm 4d – In 4s – Ge 3p – I 4p

Auger Energies #

Note – these are listed in KINETIC ENERGY

V LMM ≈ 465 eV

Common Binding Energies – V 2p #

Theory and Background #

Vanadium exhibits significant spin orbit coupling, and a Coster-Kronig differential broadening between the doublet peaks.

Experimental Advice #

Analysis of Vanadium by XPS is typically performed on the V 2p region, which overlaps very slightly with the O 1s region, slightly complicating analysis (Figure 1), though provided an extended region is acquired, collecting both V 2p peaks and the O 1s region then background application and peak fitting may be fairly trivial. The doublet separation varies with chemical state, and is around 7.5 eV.

V2O5 reduces upon exposure to X-ray irradiation.

Data Analysis Guidance #

As with most first row TMs, the 2p_1/2 peak exhibits a larger FWHM than that of the 2p_3/2 due to Coster-Kronig processes. So do NOT use the peak FWHM locking function in CasaXPS or similar, to set identical widths, when analysing V 2p doublets.

Calibration to O 1s is often advantageous due to proximity (530 eV).

Reference Datasets #

Coming soon

References #