Doublet Separations #

Tl 4f = 4.5 eV

Common Overlaps for Tl 4f #

Al 2s – Bi 5p – Nd 4d – Hg 5s – Cu 3s – Pm 4d – Ge 3p – I 4p – Rn 5p – Ge 3p

Auger Energies #

Note – these are listed in KINETIC ENERGY

Tl NOO ≈ 84 eV

Common Binding Energies – Tl 4f #

Theory and Background #

The ground state of thallium is [Xe] 6s² 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6p¹ – and upon singular ionisation, the 6s² electrons act as inert Sidgwick pairs (two electrons in the outermost atomic s-orbital of heavier p-block elements to remain unshared or un-ionized in chemical compounds. Because these s-electrons are held more tightly by the nucleus due to poor shielding by intervening d and f electrons, they tend not to participate in bonding), instead of metallic free electrons after the removal of the 6p¹ electron.

This results in a higher binding energy for the Tl (I) state, compared to the Tl (III) state.[1]

Experimental Advice #

There have been few studies of thallium by XPS, and not much is known about specific experimental considerations

Data Analysis Guidance #

Thallium can form a negatively charged state, to produce peaks at lower energies then elemental thallium. [1]

Reference Datasets #

Coming soon

References #