Doublet Separations #

Mn 2p (metal) = 11.2 eV

Mn 2p (oxides) = 11.7 eV

Mn 3s = variable (see below)

Common Overlaps for Mn 2p #

Au 4p – Ra 4d – Ac 4d – Pb 4p – Cd 3p – Os 4p – In 3p – Ni LMM (Al Ka X-rays)

Common Overlaps for Mn 3s #

Lots, notable overlaps – Al 2p – Cu 3p – Mg 2p

Auger Energies #

Note – these are listed in KINETIC ENERGY

Cu LMM ≈ 580 eV

Common Binding Energies – Mn 2p #

Theory and Background #

Manganese speciation using the 2p region can be quite difficult due to complex multiplet splitting, and subtle differences in the binding energy of the various emissions.

Experimental Advice #

Often recording the Mn 2p region alone may not be the most practical approach, given the complexities of multiplet splitting in Manganese.

Recording both the Mn 2p, and the Mn 3p provides opportunity for two models in order to confirm the speciation (using the models of Ilton)[2], and if possible, the Mn 3s also. It may not always be possible, given the lower cross-sections of the 3p and 3s orbitals compared to the 2p, and if the sample is low in Mn content these regions may not provide enough signal intensity for accurate modelling.

Data Analysis Guidance #

It is common practice to record the Mn 3s peak in order to speciate based on the splitting energy – however Ilton et al report that this is not always reliable when considering mixed oxide systems.[2]

Modelling the Mn 2p is a possibility, and through the systems implemented by Ilton and Biesinger,[1] peak models may be developed that can describe the distinct states within select Mn compounds. Modelling the 3p region using the parameters provided int he work of Ilton, or using standard datasets, provides a second check for the sample which may be advantageous given the complex peak fits involved.

Care should be taken in the interpretation of these datasets, given the vast difference in kinetic energies of the Mn 2p and 3p photoelectrons – and if the samples is inhomogeneous in the z-dimension then this process will not be comparable.

Reference Datasets #

Coming soon

References #