Doublet Separations #

Pb 4f = 4.9 eV

Pb 4d = 22.1 eV

Pb 4p = ~ 118 eV

Pb 5d = 2.6 eV

Pb 5p = 22.4 eV

Common Overlaps for Pb 4f #

Si 2s – P 2p – Zn 3s – Tl 5s – Sn 4s – As 3p – Fr 5p – Gd 4d – Xe 4p – Tb 4d – Pb 5s – Sb 4s – Ra 5p

Auger Energies #

Note – these are listed in KINETIC ENERGY

Pb NOO ≈ 260 eV

Common Binding Energies – Pb 4f #

Theory and Background #

Lead compounds may be difficult to distinguish, particularly those of the oxides, due to similarities in binding energy. It is often advisable to record the Pb MNN auger to assist in speciation. (You can download the raw data for these Wagner plots in the supplementary section).

Experimental Advice #

Pb(0) artefacts may be caused by X-ray photolysis, which induces the reduction of Pb(II) to Pb(0) under typical analytical conditions. Additionally, chemical changes due to film aging in air and the presence of PbI2 in the perovskite films can facilitate in situ reactions that generate these artefacts. To prevent Pb(0) artefacts, it is important to minimize X-ray exposure time to limit photolysis effects, perform XPS analysis on freshly prepared samples to reduce the impact of film aging, and conduct the analysis under a clean ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions to mitigate the influence of environmental factors.

See our article on X-ray damage for more information on preventing this.

Data Analysis Guidance #

Pb 4f peaks display symmetric, gaussian-like peaks, and do not display any particular irregularities.

Reference Datasets #

Coming soon

References #