Holmium

6 min read

Holmium #

Mark Isaacs

Updated on September 13, 2025

Orbitals and Energies #

Orbitals and Energies #

Note – these are listed in BINDING ENERGY

Ho 4s ≈ 435 eV

Ho 4p ≈ 305 eV

Ho 4d ≈ 160 eV

Ho 5s ≈ 51 eV

Ho 5p ≈ 20 eV

Ho 4f ≈ 4 eV

Doublet Separations #

Doublet Separations #

Ho 4f = 3 eV

Ho 4d = 2.3

Common Overlaps #

Common Overlaps for Ho 4f #

This is around the valence regions and has significant overlap with everything

Cu metal by XPS: Cu 2p region with overlapping peak markers

Auger Energies #

Auger Energies #

Note – these are listed in KINETIC ENERGY

Ho MNN ≈ 1170 eV

Common Binding Energies #

Common Binding Energies – Ho 4f #

Species #

B.E. / eV #

Charge Ref #

Reference #

Ho Metal

4.9

Au 4f (84 eV)

Theory and Background #

Theory and Background #

The final state of Ho 4d core holes is 4d⁹4f¹¹ and therefore there is complex multiplet states in the 4d spectra

Experimental Advice #

Experimental Advice #

Ho produces significant Auger structure from 150 – 500 eV, which may interfere with other peaks. Take large regions of analysis.

Ho metal requires significant cleaning to remove oxides.[1]

Data Analysis Guidance #

Data Analysis Guidance #

—

Reference Datasets #

Reference Datasets #

Coming soon

References #

References #

Singh, P., A. B. Mandale, and S. Badrinarayanan. “Surface oxidation of holmium: UV photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy studies.” Journal of the Less Common Metals 141.1 (1988): 1-9. Read it online here.

Elements, Holmium

What are your Feelings

Still stuck? How can we help?

Updated on September 13, 2025