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# HarwellXPS Guru

The doorway to XPS enlightenment

## Sitemaps

- [XML Sitemap](https://www.harwellxps.guru/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website.

## Posts

- [Blog](https://www.harwellxps.guru/blog-2/)
- [Systematic and Collaborative Approach to Problem Solving using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy](https://www.harwellxps.guru/systematic-and-collaborative-approach-to-problem-solving-using-x-ray-photoelectron-spectroscopy/) - Collaborators from the UK, France, Germany, Canada, Denmark and the USA - including our technical manager, Dr David Morgan - have published a recent article in Applied Surface Science Advances [1], highlighting the methodology developed from many years of interaction between junior and senior X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) practitioners using CasaXPS processing software. Discussions arising
- [Re-evaluating the sulphidisation reaction on malachite surface through electrochemical and cryo XPS studies](https://www.harwellxps.guru/re-evaluating-the-sulphidisation-reaction-on-malachite-surface-through-electrochemical-and-cryo-xps-studies/) - Yangyang Huaia,* Yupeng Qiana,b Yongjun Penga aSchool of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia bSchool of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China Applied Surface Science Volume 531, 30 November 2020, 147334 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.147334 In this work, the authors use Cryo-XPS to study an industrially relevant electrochemical reaction -
- [Method to correct ambient pressure XPS for the distortion caused by the gas](https://www.harwellxps.guru/method-to-correct-ambient-pressure-xps-for-the-distortion-caused-by-the-gas/) - Sven Tougaarda and Mark GreinerbaDepartment of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DenmarkbMax-Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Department of Heterogeneous Reactions / Surface Analysis Group, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany Applied Surface Science Volume 530, 15 November 2020, 147243 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.147243 With the development of beamlines such as ISSIS at Bessy and B07
- [Raman and XPS Identification of Colloidal Metal Sulfides as Potential Secondary Phases in Nanocrystalline Cu2ZnSnS4 Photovoltaic Absorbers](https://www.harwellxps.guru/raman-and-xps-identification-of-colloidal-metal-sulfides-as-potential-secondary-phases-in-nanocrystalline-cu2znsns4-photovoltaic-absorbers/) - Oleksandr Selyshchev, Yevhenii Havryliuk, Mykhailo Ya. Valakh, Volodymyr O. Yukhymchuk, Oleksandra Raievska, Oleksandr L. Stroyuk, Volodymyr Dzhagan*, Dietrich R.T. Zahn https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.0c00910 Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society In this work, the authors outline the use of XPS and RAMAN as a combined approach to deducing chemical structure in complex quaternary solids, using binary and ternary
- [Mini Review: Handbook of Mineral Spectroscopy 1st Edition (Volume 1: X-ray Photoelectron Spectra)](https://www.harwellxps.guru/mini-review-handbook-of-mineral-spectroscopy-1st-edition-volume-1-x-ray-photoelectron-spectra/) - Elsevier has recently published the Handbook of Mineral Spectroscopy, Volume 1: X-ray Photoelectron Spectra which presents a database of XPS spectra for minerals by reknowned mineralogists J. Theo Kloprogge and Barry Wood. The book itself is presented with an introduction to XPS and its physcial basis, together with example of how the samples were prepared
- [In Situ Irradiated X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy on the Ag-Zn0.5Cd0.5S Core–Shell Structure and the Hydrogen Production Activity](https://www.harwellxps.guru/in-situ-irradiated-x-ray-photoelectron-spectroscopy-on-the-ag-zn0-5cd0-5s-core-shell-structure-and-the-hydrogen-production-activity/) - Shen-wei Bai, Hui Mei,*Gang-qiang Zhu, Ming-gang Zhang, Wei-zhao Huang and Lai-fei Cheng DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c01085 In this paper, the authors develop a Ag core - Zn0.5Cd0.5S semiconductor shell nanoparticle for the photocatalytic production of hydrogen from water (Figure 1). The aim was to develop a nanocomposite which may utilise the intrinsic localised surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)
- [Photoemission of Solvated Electrons](https://www.harwellxps.guru/photoemission-of-solvated-electrons/) - Buttersack et al. have recently published what seems to be the first photoemission experiments on solvated electrons.1 Solvated electrons occur when group 1 metals are dissolved in certain solvents, the most popular is liquid ammonia. Once a standard undergraduate chemistry experiment, dropping a lump of sodium into liquid NH3, cooled below its boiling point of

## Pages

- [XPS Knowledge Base, Training & Data Analysis Support](https://www.harwellxps.guru/) - Free XPS knowledge base from HarwellXPS, the UK national XPS facility: element-by-element analysis guides, XPS theory, peak fitting tutorials for CasaXPS, Avantage and KherveFitting.
- [Data Analysis Centre](https://www.harwellxps.guru/data-analysis-centre-2/) - CasaXPS Guides Avantage Guides KherveFitting Guides
- [KherveFitting Data Support Centre](https://www.harwellxps.guru/khervefitting-data-support-centre/) - KherveFitting is a free and open source software designed by Dr. Gwilherm Kerherve, from Imperial College London. Find the latest version of the software by clicking the icon ⇒ KherveFitting Guides 4 KherveFitting Getting Started Adding Backgrounds in KherveFitting Peak Identification in KherveFitting Sample Manager in KherveFitting Khervefitting Advanced Tools Thickograms in KherveFitting
- [Periodic Table of XPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/element-periodic-table/) - Periodic Table Periodic Table of Elements H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In
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- [Knowledgebase](https://www.harwellxps.guru/knowledgebase/) - XPS Guide by Element XPS Theory Data Analysis Centre
- [XPS Theory and Fundamentals](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xps-theory-and-fundamentals/) - Examples to work throughLoading the library fileDisplaying the sample namesOverlaying all of the C 1s spectraFinding the X-ray sourceOverlaying and normalisingApplications of XPS and Complementary Techniques YttriumYttriumDoublet Separations Doublet Separations Y 3d: 2 eV Y 3p: 11.9 eV Available Photoemissions and Energies The Energies Listed are… Read moreRead moreYtterbiumYtterbiumDoublet Separations Doublet Separations Yb 4d: 9
- [Data Analysis Centre v2](https://www.harwellxps.guru/data-analysis-centre-v2/) - CasaXPS KherveFit AvantageData Analysis Course Add a Simple Peak ModelAdd a Simple Peak ModelAdding Doublet PeaksAdding Doublet PeaksAluminiumxAluminiumxAmericiumxAmericiumxAnalysis Depth in XPS & IMFPAnalysis Depth in XPS & IMFPAnnotating DataAnnotating DataAntimonyxAntimonyxArgonxArgonxArsenicxArsenicxAsymmetric PeaksAsymmetric PeaksAvantage Resource CentreAvantage Resource CentreBackground TypesBackground TypesBackgrounds – Shirley and LinearBackgrounds – Shirley and LinearBackgrounds – TougaardBackgrounds – TougaardBad XPS in LiteratureBad XPS in
- [XPS Courses](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xps-courses/) - Fundamentals of XPS Courses Data Analysis Courses Themed Courses
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## Courses

- [HarwellXPS - Fundamentals of XPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/courses/harwellxps-fundamentals-of-xps/) - Discover the fundamental principles behind X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy! How does it work? What can it tell me? How do I understand the data? The HarwellXPS team will take you through this and more!

## Lessons

- [A History of Light and Matter](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/a-history-of-light-and-matter/) - https://vimeo.com/51589652 Single Image TranscriptGif TranscriptDouble Image TranscriptReferencesFurther ReadingCourse MaterialsSingle Image Transcript Section 1 Text for section 1 Gif Transcript Section 1 Text for section 1 Double Image Transcript Section 1 Text for section 1 References References 1 Reference URLFurther Reading Further Reading Reference Read it online hereCourse Materials Course Materials Download Materials
- [How Do We Work With Multiplet Data?](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/how-do-we-work-with-multiplet-data/)
- [First Row Transition Metals](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/first-row-transition-metals/)
- [Multiplet Splitting](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/multiplet-splitting/)
- [Core-Hole Screening](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/core-hole-screening/)
- [Plasmons](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/plasmons/)
- [Peak Asymmetry in XPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/peak-asymmetry-in-xps/)
- [Shake-up, Shake-down, and Shake-off Peaks](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/shake-up-shake-down-and-shake-off-peaks/)
- [Auger-Meitner peaks](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/auger-meitner-peaks/)
- [Initial and Final State Effects](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/initial-and-final-state-effects/)
- [Modelling Spin-Orbit Doublets](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/modelling-spin-orbit-doublets/)
- [Doublet Separation](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/doublet-separation/)
- [Multiplicity](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/multiplicity/)
- [Spin-Orbit Coupling](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/spin-orbit-coupling/)
- [Quick Recap: Quantum Mechanics of Electrons and Atoms](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/quick-recap-quantum-mechanics-of-electrons-and-atoms/)
- [Modelling Peaks in XPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/modelling-peaks-in-xps/)
- [Chemical States by XPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/chemical-states-by-xps/)
- [Peak Position in XPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/peak-position-in-xps/)
- [Peak Width and Shape](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/peak-width-and-shape/)
- [Peak Intensity in XPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/peak-intensity-in-xps/)
- [Modelling XPS Backgrounds](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/modelling-xps-backgrounds/)
- [The XPS Background](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/the-xps-background/)
- [Binding Energy vs Path Length](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/binding-energy-vs-path-length/)
- [Inelastic Scatter of Electrons](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/inelastic-scatter-of-electrons/)
- [Inelastic Mean Free Path](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/inelastic-mean-free-path/)
- [How Does Electronic Structure Present Itself in Photoelectron Spectroscopy?](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/how-does-electronic-structure-present-itself-in-photoelectron-spectroscopy/)
- [Solid State Terminology](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/solid-state-terminology/)
- [Quick recap: Atomic and electronic structure](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/quick-recap-atomic-and-electronic-structure/)
- [The Photoelectric Effect Equation](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/the-photoelectric-effect-equation/)
- [The Photoelectric Effect](https://www.harwellxps.guru/lessons/the-photoelectric-effect/)

## Quizzes

- [Quiz! Photoelectric effect](https://www.harwellxps.guru/quizzes/quiz-photoelectric-effect/) - Quiz time
- [Quiz! Multiplets](https://www.harwellxps.guru/quizzes/quiz-multiplets/)
- [Quiz! Shake It Off](https://www.harwellxps.guru/quizzes/quiz-shake-it-off/)
- [Quiz! Initial and Final state effects and Auger-Meitner peaks](https://www.harwellxps.guru/quizzes/quiz-initial-and-final-state-effects-and-auger-meitner-peaks/)
- [Quiz! Spin-Orbit Doublets](https://www.harwellxps.guru/quizzes/quiz-spin-orbit-doublets/)
- [Quiz! Understanding XPS Peaks](https://www.harwellxps.guru/quizzes/quiz-understanding-xps-peaks/)
- [Quiz! Peak Properties](https://www.harwellxps.guru/quizzes/quiz-peak-properties/)
- [Quiz! Backgrounds](https://www.harwellxps.guru/quizzes/quiz-backgrounds/)
- [Quiz! Electrons and IMFP](https://www.harwellxps.guru/quizzes/quiz-electrons-and-imfp/)
- [Quiz! Atoms and XPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/quizzes/quiz-atoms-and-xps/)

## Question Bank

- [The photoelectric effect requires us to consider light as a form of wave?](https://www.harwellxps.guru/questions/the-photoelectric-effect-requires-us-to-consider-light-as-a-form-of-wave/) - The photoelectric effect requires us to consider light as a form of wave?
- [What does XPS measure during an experiment?](https://www.harwellxps.guru/questions/what-does-xps-measure-during-an-experiment/) - What does XPS measure during an expeWhat does XPS measure during an experiment?riment?

## XPS Knowledge Base

- [Zirconium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/zirconium/) - Learn about analysis of zirconium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse zirconium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Spin-Orbit Coupling](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/spin-orbit-coupling/) - Learn how spin-orbit coupling produces doublet peaks in XPS spectra. Covers quantum mechanical origins, branching ratios, energy separations, and practical interpretation for core-level analysis.
- [Raman Selection Rules](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/raman-selection-rules/) - A detailed guide to Raman selection rules — polarizability change, mutual exclusion, symmetry and group theory, with practical examples for common molecules and materials.
- [Bond Order](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/bond-order/) - Learn how bond order affects XPS binding energies and chemical shifts. A practical guide for surface analysts interpreting core level spectra from molecules, oxides, and carbon-based materials.
- [Electronic Energy Levels in Atoms](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/electronic-energy-levels-in-atoms/) - A clear explanation of electronic energy levels in atoms — shells, subshells, quantum numbers, and why they matter for XPS, UPS, and photoelectron spectroscopy interpretation.
- [Core vs Valence Electrons](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/core-vs-valence-electrons/) - Learn the difference between core and valence electrons in XPS. Understand why core levels are used for elemental analysis, how valence electrons cause chemical shifts, and what UPS adds to the picture.
- [Electron Binding Energy Explained](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/electron-binding-energy-explained/) - Understand binding energy in XPS — what it is, how it is measured from the photoelectric effect, and why chemical state shifts the binding energy of core level electrons.
- [The Photoelectric Effect](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/the-photoelectric-effect/) - What exactly is the photoelectric effect? How does this enable us to use the technique known as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy?
- [Polarizability in Molecules and Materials](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/polarizability-in-molecules-and-materials/) - Learn what polarizability is, how electron clouds respond to electric fields, and why polarizability is important in Raman spectroscopy, Auger spectroscopy, and materials science.
- [Basic Principles of Raman Spectroscopy](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/basic-principles-of-raman-spectroscopy/) - Learn the basic principles of Raman spectroscopy including Raman scattering, molecular vibrations, Stokes and anti-Stokes processes, and how Raman spectra are produced.
- [Raman Laser Sources Explained: Wavelengths, Types, and How to Choose](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/raman-laser-sources/) - Learn how Raman laser sources work, common wavelengths like 532 nm, 633 nm, and 785 nm, and how to choose the best laser for Raman spectroscopy experiments.
- [Acquiring Survey Spectra](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/acquiring-survey-spectra/) - Acquiring Survey Spectra Mark Isaacs Updated on March 11, 2026 Quick Overview Survey spectra are of great importance in XPS analysis. These give us information about all of the elements in our sample. It is recommended to obtain a survey spectrum for every sample for: Identification of all elements in sample (including contaminants) Quantification at
- [Praseodymium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/praseodymium/) - Learn about analysis of copper by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse copper by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Samarium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/samarium/) - Learn about analysis of samarium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse samarium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Add a Simple Peak Model in Avantage](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/add-a-simple-peak-model/) - How do we start adding peaks in Avantage?
- [Adding Doublet Peaks in Avantage](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/adding-doublet-peaks/) - Learn how to fit doublets in Avantage
- [Asymmetric Peak Modelling with Avantage](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/asymmetric-peaks/) - Quick OverviewCreating an Asymmetric PeakLG Mix (%) ConvolveTail Mix %Tail Height %Tail ExponentReferencesQuick Overview Quick Overview Certain peaks in XPS appear as asymmetric lineshapes due to shake-up effects. If we wish to peak model these, we need to know how to add asymmetric lineshapes in Avantage. Creating an Asymmetric Peak Creating an Asymmetric Peak After
- [Importing and Viewing Data in Avantage](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/importing-and-viewing-data/) - Learn the basics of data handling in Avantage
- [Files With Multiple Spectra in Avantage](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/files-with-multiple-spectra/) - Quick OverviewScrolling Between SpectraDepth ProfilesOverlaying and StackingMapping/ImagingCropping DataReferencesQuick Overview Quick Overview Avantage files for many data types contain a group of spectra within a single vamas file. This includes depth profiles data, mapping data, line scan data, multipoint analysis, and iterative scans. Scrolling Between Spectra Scrolling Between Spectra The arrows below the spectral window allow
- [Element Identification with Avantage](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/element-identification-with-avantage/) - Learn how to identify your peaks in Avantage
- [Creating a Background in Avantage](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/creating-a-background-in-avantage/) - How do we add a background in Avantage?
- [Avantage Backgrounds - Tougaard](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/avantage-backgrounds-tougaard/) - How can we apply Tougaard backgrounds in Avantage?
- [Avantage Backgrounds - Shirley and Linear](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/avantage-backgrounds-shirley-and-linear/) - Learn how to apply Shirley and Linear backgrounds in Avantage
- [Annotating Data in Avantage](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/annotating-data-in-avantage/) - Learn how to annotate spectra in Avantage
- [Adding Backgrounds in KherveFitting](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/adding-backgrounds-in-khervefitting/) - How do we add XPS backgrounds in KherveFitting? What tools do we have? How do we use them, and which should we use?
- [CasaXPS Layout and Menu Structure](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/casaxps-layout/) - What do all of these menus mean in CasaXPS? How do I get started using this software?
- [Basics of Quantification in CasaXPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/basics-of-quantification/) - How do we begin to quantify with CasaXPS?
- [Exporting Data and Images in CasaXPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/exporting-data-and-images-in-casaxps/) - How can we export data from CasaXPS after we have processed it? Images, plots, and quantification results?
- [LA and LF Lineshapes in CasaXPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/la-and-lf-lineshapes/) - What are the LA and LF lineshapes in CasaXPS? How do we use them to analyse asymettric peak data?
- [Manipulating Vamas Blocks in CasaXPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/manipulating-vamas-blocks-in-casaxps/) - How do we handle vamas blocks in CasaXPS? How do we copy data, move data, edit, or delete data?
- [Simple Work Function Analysis from UPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/simple-work-function-analysis-from-ups/) - How do I start getting work functions from my UPS data? What functions do I need to use? How do I perform it?
- [Smoothing Data](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/smoothing-data/) - How Do I (And Should I) Smooth Photoelectorn Spectroscopy Data in CasaXPS
- [Sample Manager in KherveFitting](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/sample-manager-in-khervefitting/) - What is the sample manager in KherveFitting? How do we use it to easily work with large datasets?
- [Thickograms in KherveFitting](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/thickograms-in-khervefitting/) - How can I use the thickogram function in KherveFitting to explore overlayers on a substrate, and calculate thicknesses?
- [Peak Identification in KherveFitting](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/peak-identification-in-khervefitting/) - How do we use KherveFitting to identify what elements are in our sample? What tools can we use? How do we find them, and how do we use them?
- [Thickogram Analysis](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/thickogram-analysis/) - What is the thickogram in XPS analysis? What can it tell me? How do I use it?
- [Getting Started with Peak Fitting](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/getting-started-with-peak-fitting/) - How do we start modelling our spectra in CasaXPS? What are the steps? What do we need to know?
- [XPS Transmission Function](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/xps-transmission-function/) - What is the instrument transmission function in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy? What do I need to know?
- [Relative Sensitivity Factors](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/relative-sensitivity-factors/) - What are relative sensitivity factors, and how do they affect my XPS analysis? Where do they come from?
- [Peak Intensity in XPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/peak-intensity-in-xps/) - What impacts our peak intensities in XPS? Why do we see different peak areas for some elements and orbitals, compared to others?
- [REELS Data with Avantage - Band Gaps](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/reels-data-band-gaps/) - Learn how to calculate band gaps from REELS data in Avantage
- [Thulium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/thulium/) - Learn about analysis of thulium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse thulium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Holmium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/holmium/) - Learn about analysis of holmium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse holmium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Lutetium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/lutetium/) - Learn about analysis of lutetium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse lutetium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Americium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/americium/) - Learn about analysis of americium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse americium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Uranium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/uranium/) - Learn about analysis of uranium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse uranium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Terbium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/terbium/) - Learn about analysis of terbium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse terbium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Europium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/europium/) - Learn about analysis of europium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse europium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Gadolinium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/gadolinium/) - Learn about analysis of gadolinium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse gadolinium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Promethium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/promethium/) - Learn about analysis of promethium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse promethium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Erbium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/erbium/) - Learn about analysis of erbium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse erbium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Neodymium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/neodymium/) - Learn about analysis of neodymium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse neodymium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Ytterbium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/ytterbium/) - Learn about analysis of ytterbium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse ytterbium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Dysprosium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/dysprosium/) - Learn about analysis of dysprosium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse dysprosium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Cadmium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/cadmium/) - Learn about analysis of cadmium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse cadmium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Rhodium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/rhenium/) - Learn about analysis of rhenium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse copper by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Argon](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/argon/) - Argon DaveXPS Updated on September 3, 2025 Orbitals and EnergiesDoublet SeparationsCommon OverlapsAuger EnergiesCommon Binding EnergiesTheory and BackgroundExperimental AdviceData Analysis GuidanceReference DatasetsReferencesOrbitals and Energies Orbitals and Energies Note – these are listed in BINDING ENERGY Ar 2p ≈ 241 eV Ar 2s ≈ 323 eV Ar 3s ≈ 25 eV Ar 3p ≈ 12 eV
- [Krypton](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/krypton/) - Learn about analysis of krypton by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse krypton by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Bromine](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/bromine/) - Learn about analysis of bromine by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse bromine by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Cerium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/cerium/) - Learn about analysis of cerium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse cerium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Xenon](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/xenon/) - Learn about analysis of xenon by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse xenon by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Radon](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/radon/) - Learn about analysis of radon by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse radon by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Neon](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/neon/) - Learn about analysis of neon by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse neon by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Chlorine](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/chlorine/) - Learn about analysis of chlorine by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse chlorine by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Fluorine](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/fluorine/) - Learn about analysis of fluorine by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse fluorine by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Iodine](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/iodine/) - Learn about analysis of iodine by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse iodine by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Multiplet Splitting](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/multiplet-splitting/) - Multiplet Splitting DaveXPS Updated on August 29, 2025 Quick Overview Multiplet splitting (also termed exchange splitting) is a final state effect which, similar to spin-orbit splitting arises because of interactions between magnetic fields set up by localised spinning charges. Multiplet splitting arise from: a: Unparied electrons remaining in the core-level containing the core-hole b: Unpaired
- [Carbon](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/carbon/) - Learn about analysis of carbon by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse carbon by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Antimony](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/antimony/) - Learn about analysis of antimony by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse antimony by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Recoil Effects](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/recoil-effects/) - What are recoil effects in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and related techniues? How do these affect our data?
- [Germanium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/germanium/) - Learn about analysis of germanium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse germanium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Tellurium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/tellurium/) - Learn about analysis of tellurium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse tellurium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Arsenic](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/arsenic/) - Learn about analysis of arsenic by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse arsenic by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Silicon](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/silicon/) - Learn about analysis of silicon by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse silicon by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Boron](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/boron/) - Learn about analysis of boron by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse boron by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Reflectance Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (REELS)](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/reflectance-electron-energy-loss-spectroscopy-reels/) - What is Reflectance Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (REELS)? How does it work, and how can I use it in my research?
- [Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (ISS) / Low Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS)](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/ion-scattering-spectroscopy-iss-low-energy-ion-scattering-leis/) - What is ion scattering spectroscopy? How does it work, and how can I use it to solve problems in my own research?
- [The Photoelectron Spectroscopy Background](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/the-photoelectron-spectroscopy-background/) - What causes the background we see in photoelectron spectroscopy? What are the processes and how do we account for this?
- [Electronic Structure in Solids – Definitions](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/electronic-structure-in-solids-definitions/) - What terminology relating to solid state chemistry is important for me to know in the context of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy?
- [Polonium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/polonium/) - Learn about analysis of polonium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse polonium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Plutonium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/plutonium/) - Learn about analysis of plutonium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse plutonium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Bismuth](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/bismuth/) - Learn about analysis of bismuth by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse bismuth by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Lead](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/lead/) - Learn about analysis of lead by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse lead by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Tin](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/tin/) - Learn about analysis of tin by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse tin by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Indium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/indium/) - Learn about analysis of indium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse indium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Gallium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/gallium/) - Learn about analysis of gallium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse gallium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Thallium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/thallium/) - Learn about analysis of thallium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse thallium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Astatine](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/astatine/) - Learn about analysis of astatine by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse astatine by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Background Types](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/background-types/) - What types of background can we apply to model X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data? Which should we use, and when?
- [Analysis Depth in XPS & IMFP](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/analysis-depth-in-xps-imfp/) - How deep do we analyse in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy? What determines this depth? Can we calculate it?
- [Angle-Resolved XPS (ARXPS)](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/angle-resolved-xps-arxps/) - What is angle-resolved XPS? How does it work? What can it tell me about my material surface?
- [Gas Cluster Ion Etching](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/gas-cluster-ion-etching/) - What is gas cluster ion etching? How does it compare to monotomic etching? What are the positives and negatives of this approach?
- [Selenium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/selenium/) - Learn about analysis of selenium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse selenium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Phosphorous](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/phosphorous/) - Learn about analysis of phosphorous by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse phosphorous by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Sulfur](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/sulfur/) - Learn about analysis of sulfur by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse sulfur by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Oxygen](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/oxygen/) - Learn about analysis of oxygen by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse oxygen by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Nitrogen](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/nitrogen/) - Learn about analysis of nitrogen by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse nitrogen by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Sample Damage in XPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/sample-damage-in-xps/) - Sample Damage in XPS Mark Isaacs Updated on August 26, 2025 Quick Overview Assuming no depth profiling experiments are performed, XPS is typically considered to be a non-destructive analysis technique. However there are many cases where the sample analysed can undergo damage. Such changes arise from X-ray irradiation which can induce: Desorption of surface species
- [Mercury](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/mercury/) - Learn about analysis of mercury by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse mercury by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Gold](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/gold/) - Learn about analysis of gold by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse gold by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Platinum](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/platinum/) - Learn about analysis of platinum by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse platinum by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Iridium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/iridium/) - Learn about analysis of iridium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse iridium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Osmium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/osmium/) - Learn about analysis of osmium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse osmium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Tungsten](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/tungsten/) - Learn about analysis of tungsten by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse tungsten by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Tantalum](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/tantalum/) - Learn about analysis of tantalum by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse tantalum by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Hafnium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/hafnium/) - Learn about analysis of hafnium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse hafnium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Lanthanum](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/lanthanum/) - Learn about analysis of lanthanum by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse lanthanum by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Niobium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/niobium/) - Learn about analysis of niobium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse niobium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Palladium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/palladium/) - Learn about analysis of palladium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse palladium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Ruthenium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/ruthenium/) - Learn about analysis of ruthenium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse ruthenium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Molybdenum](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/molybdenum/) - Learn about analysis of molybdenum by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse molybdenum by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Yttrium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/yttrium/) - Learn about analysis of yttrium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse yttrium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Silver](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/silver/) - Learn about analysis of silver by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse silver by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Manganese](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/manganese/) - Learn about analysis of manganese by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse manganese by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Chromium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/chromium/) - Learn about analysis of chromium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse chromium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Vanadium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/vanadium/) - Learn about analysis of vanadium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse vanadium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Titanium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/titanium/) - Learn about analysis of titanium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse titanium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Scandium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/scandium/) - Learn about analysis of scandium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse scandium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Nickel](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/nickel/) - Learn about analysis of nickel by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse nickel by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Iron](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/iron/) - Learn about analysis of iron by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse iron by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Cobalt](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/cobalt/) - Learn about analysis of cobalt by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse cobalt by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Radium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/radium/) - Learn about analysis of radium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse radium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Barium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/barium/) - Learn about analysis of barium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse barium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Strontium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/strontium/) - Learn about analysis of strontium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse strontium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Calcium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/calcium/) - Learn about analysis of calcium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse calcium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Magnesium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/magnesium/) - Learn about analysis of magnesium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse magnesium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Wagner Plots](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/wagner-plots/) - What are Wagner plots in the context of Auger electrons? How can we use these to understand our data?
- [Shake-up Peaks](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/shake-up-peaks/) - What are shake-up peaks in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy? How do I identify them? What causes them?
- [Coster-Kronig peak broadening](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/coster-kronig-peak-broadening/) - Why do some spin-orbit doublet peaks have different full width half maxima? What causes this?
- [Beryllium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/beryllium/) - Beryllium Mark Isaacs Updated on August 23, 2025 Orbitals and EnergiesDoublet SeparationsCommon OverlapsAuger EnergiesCommon Binding EnergiesTheory and BackgroundExperimental AdviceData Analysis GuidanceReference DatasetsReferencesOrbitals and Energies Orbitals and Energies Note – these are listed in BINDING ENERGY Be 1s ≈ 113 eV Doublet Separations Doublet Separations No non-S orbitals Common Overlaps Common Overlaps for Be
- [Lithium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/lithium/) - Learn about analysis of lithium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse lithium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Potassium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/potassium/) - Learn about analysis of potassium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse potassium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Sodium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/sodium/) - Learn about analysis of sodium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse sodium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Rubidium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/rubidium/) - Learn about analysis of rubidium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse rubidium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Caesium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/caesium/) - Learn about analysis of caesium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse caesium by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Aluminium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/aluminium/) - Learn about analysis of aluminium by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- [Copper](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/copper/) - Learn about analysis of copper by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse copper by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Zinc](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/zinc/) - Learn about analysis of zinc by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. How can we analyse zinc by XPS? What do we need to know?
- [Photoionisation Cross-Sections](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/photoionisation-cross-sections/) - What are photoionisation cross-sections? How do they impact how we quantify peaks in X-ray photoelectron spctroscopy?
- [X-ray Source Energy](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/x-ray-source-energy/) - What does the energy of the exciting X-ray source affect in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy? What sources are commonly available?
- [Pass Energy in XPS Measurements](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/pass-energy-in-xps-measurements/) - What is pass energy in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy? What does it mean, and how does it affect my XPS spectra? How do I know what pass energy I need?
- [Experimental Reporting in XPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/experimental-reporting-in-xps/) - How should we report our X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments when we include them in published works? What should be included?
- [Factors Affecting Peak Width in XPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/factors-affecting-peak-width-in-xps/) - What are the factors that affect photoelectron peak width in XPS? Which come from my sample, and which come from my instrument?
- [Initial vs Final State Effects](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/initial-vs-final-state-effects/) - What is the difference between initial-, and final-state effects in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy? What are some examples of each?
- [Peak Asymmetry in Conductive Materials](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/peak-asymmetry-in-conductive-materials/) - Why do some peaks in XPS appear asymmetric? What is the physics that causes this? How can we account for this in our data analysis?
- [The Auger Parameter](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/the-auger-parameter/) - What is the Auger parameter in XPS? How is it defined? How do we calculate it? What are the mathematics behind it this function?
- [Advanced Auger Analysis](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/advanced-auger-analysis/) - How can we use Auger-Meitner peaks in XPS to get more information from our sample? How can this help our real-world research?
- [Auger-Meitner Process and Peaks](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/auger-meitner-process-and-peaks/) - What are Auger-Meitner peaks in photoelectron spectroscopy? How do they arise and what do they mean?
- [Plasmon Losses](https://www.harwellxps.guru/xpskb/plasmon-losses/) - What are plasmon losses in XPS? Why do they occur, and how can we recognise them?

## Categories

- [Uncategorized](https://www.harwellxps.guru/category/uncategorised/)
- [Knowledge](https://www.harwellxps.guru/category/knowledge/)
- [General](https://www.harwellxps.guru/category/general/)
- [Review](https://www.harwellxps.guru/category/review/)

## Tags

- [ambient pressure XPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/tag/ambient-pressure-xps/)
- [Raman](https://www.harwellxps.guru/tag/raman/)
- [Photovoltaics](https://www.harwellxps.guru/tag/photovoltaics/)
- [Copper](https://www.harwellxps.guru/tag/copper/)
- [Zinc](https://www.harwellxps.guru/tag/zinc/)
- [Tin](https://www.harwellxps.guru/tag/tin/)
- [Sulfur](https://www.harwellxps.guru/tag/sulfur/)
- [Liquid XPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/tag/liquid-xps/)
- [Electrides](https://www.harwellxps.guru/tag/electrides/)
- [NAP-XPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/tag/nap-xps/)
- [QUASES](https://www.harwellxps.guru/tag/quases/)
- [Tougaard](https://www.harwellxps.guru/tag/tougaard/)
- [Backgrounds](https://www.harwellxps.guru/tag/backgrounds/)
- [synchotron](https://www.harwellxps.guru/tag/synchotron/)

## Docs Categories

- [XPS of the Elements](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/xps-of-the-elements/) - Find information about specific elements, and how to best analyse them by XPS – with fundamental theory, experimental advice, and fitting guidance
- [Fundamentals of XPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/fundamentals-of-xps/) - Find fundamental theory, instrumentation, and spectral interpretation guides
- [Applications and Complementary Techniques](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/applications-and-complementary-techniques/) - Learn ways in which XPS can be used to solve real problems, and how it can combine with other techniques to be an even more powerful weapon in your arsenal
- [Beginners Fundamentals of XPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/beginners-xps/) - Find the base level information needed to start appreciating XPS as a technique
- [Advanced Fundamentals of XPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/advanced-fundamentals/) - Find some more advanced information, such as transmission functions, photoionisation cross-sections, Coster-Kronig transitions
- [XPS Instrumentation](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/xps-instrumentation/) - How does a photoelectron spectrometer work?
- [Spectral Features in XPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/spectral-features-xps/) - What affects my spectra in XPS?
- [Alkali Metals](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/alkali-metals/)
- [Alkaline Earth Metals](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/alkaline-earth/)
- [Transition Metals](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/transition-metals/)
- [Metalloids](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/metalloids/)
- [Non-Metals](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/nonmetals/)
- [Halides](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/halides/)
- [Noble Gases](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/noble-gases/)
- [Lanthanides](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/lanthanides/)
- [Actinides](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/actinides/)
- [CasaXPS Guides](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/casaxps-guides/)
- [Avantage Guides](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/avantage-guides/)
- [KherveFitting Guides](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/khervefitting-guides/)
- [Data Acquisition Guides](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/data-acquisition/)
- [CasaXPS Basics](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/casa-basics/) - Get started with CasaXPS
- [CasaXPS Backgrounds](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/casa-backgrounds/) - Learn how to use the many background types in CasaXPS
- [CasaXPS Introduction to Fitting](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/casa-intro-fitting/) - Learn the basics behind modelling your data
- [CasaXPS Advanced Functions](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/casa-advanced/) - Differentiation, smoothing, cutting data and more
- [CasaXPS for Other Techniques](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/casa-other/) - Analysing Raman data in Casa XPS
- [CasaXPS Tips and Tricks](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/casaxps-tips-tricks/) - Tricks and Tips for CasaXPS
- [Avantage Basics](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/avantage-basics/) - Get to grips with Thermo Avantage
- [Avantage Backgrounds](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/avantage-backgrounds/) - Learn how to apply backgrounds in Thermo Avantage
- [Avantage Peak Modelling](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/avantage-lineshapes/) - Basics of modelling with Thermo Avantage
- [Avantage Complementary Techniques](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/avantage-tech/) - REELS, ISS, Raman etc
- [Avantage Imaging](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/avantage-imaging/) - Processing image data in Thermo Avantage
- [KherveFitting Getting Started](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/kf-get-started/) - The basics of KherveFitting by Gwilherm Kerherve
- [Khervefitting Advanced Tools](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/kf-advanced/) - Advanced functions in KherveFitting by Gwilherm Kerherve
- [Auger Electrons For Advanced Analysis](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/auger-electrons-for-advanced-analysis/)
- [Post-Transition Metals](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/post-transition-metals/)
- [Depth Analysis in XPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/depth-analysis-in-xps/)
- [Complementary Techniques](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/complementary-techniques/)
- [Avantage Depth Profiling](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/avantage-depth-profiling/)
- [Raman Spectroscopy](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/raman-spectroscopy/)
- [Fundamentals of Raman Spectroscopy](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/fundamentals-of-raman-spectroscopy/)
- [Basic Principles of Raman SPectroscopy](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/basic-principles-of-raman-spectroscopy/)
- [Raman Instrumentation](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/raman-instrumentation/)
- [Physical Chemistry Fundamentals (Supporting Resources)](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/physical-chemistry-fundamentals-supporting-resources/)
- [Atomic Structure and Electronic Structure](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/atomic-structure-and-electronic-structure/)
- [Chemical Bonding](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/chemical-bonding/)
- [Electrostatics and Charge Distribution](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/electrostatics-and-charge-distribution/)
- [Light-Mattr Interaction](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-category/light-mattr-interaction/)

## Docs Tags

- [Elements](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/elements/)
- [Silver](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/silver-elements/)
- [Aluminium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/aluminium/)
- [XPS Fundamentals](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/xps-fundamentals/)
- [Final-State Effects](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/final-state-effects/)
- [Initial-State Effects](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/initial-state-effects/)
- [Quantum Mechanics](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/quantum-mechanics/)
- [Auger peaks](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/auger-peaks/)
- [Applications of XPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/applications-of-xps/)
- [Catalysis](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/catalysis/)
- [Nanomaterials](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/nanomaterials/)
- [Titanium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/titanium/)
- [Copper](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/copper/)
- [Coster-Kronig](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/coster-kronig/)
- [Zinc](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/zinc/)
- [Zirconium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/zirconium/)
- [Data Analysis](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/data-analysis/)
- [Spectral Features](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/spectral-features/)
- [Peak Properties](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/peak-properties/)
- [Publishing XPS Data](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/publishing-xps-data/)
- [Good Practice](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/good-practice/)
- [Instrumentation](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/instrumentation/)
- [Data Acquisition](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/data-acquisition/)
- [Pass energy](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/pass-energy/)
- [X-ray Energy](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/x-ray-energy/)
- [HAXPES](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/haxpes/)
- [IMFP](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/imfp/)
- [Lithium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/lithium/)
- [Photoionisation cross-sections](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/photoionisation-cross-sections/)
- [Beryllium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/beryllium/)
- [Caesium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/caesium/)
- [Rubidium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/rubidium/)
- [Potassium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/potassium/)
- [Sodium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/sodium/)
- [Magnesium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/magnesium/)
- [Calcium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/calcium/)
- [Strontium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/strontium/)
- [Barium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/barium/)
- [Radium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/radium/)
- [Multiplet Splitting](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/multiplet-splitting/)
- [Nickel](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/nickel/)
- [Iron](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/iron/)
- [Scandium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/scandium/)
- [Vanadium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/vanadium/)
- [Manganese](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/manganese/)
- [Palladium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/palladium/)
- [Cadmium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/cadmium/)
- [Yttrium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/yttrium/)
- [Niobium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/niobium/)
- [Molybdenum](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/molybdenum/)
- [Ruthenium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/ruthenium/)
- [Lanthanum](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/lanthanum/)
- [Hafnium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/hafnium/)
- [Tantalum](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/tantalum/)
- [Tungsten](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/tungsten/)
- [Platinum](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/platinum/)
- [Mercury](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/mercury/)
- [Carbon](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/carbon/)
- [Oxygen](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/oxygen/)
- [Phosphorous](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/phosphorous/)
- [Sulfur](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/sulfur/)
- [Selenium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/selenium/)
- [Sample Etching](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/sample-etching/)
- [Depth Information](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/depth-information/)
- [Backgrounds](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/backgrounds/)
- [Gallium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/gallium/)
- [Indium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/indium/)
- [Tin](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/tin/)
- [Astatine](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/astatine/)
- [Plutonium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/plutonium/)
- [Terminology](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/terminology/)
- [Ion Scattering Spectroscopy](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/ion-scattering-spectroscopy/)
- [Boron](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/boron/)
- [Tellurium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/tellurium/)
- [REELS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/reels/)
- [Fluorine](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/fluorine/)
- [Neon](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/neon/)
- [Argon](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/argon/)
- [Krypton](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/krypton/)
- [Radon](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/radon/)
- [Cerium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/cerium/)
- [Praseodymium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/praseodymium/)
- [Neodymium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/neodymium/)
- [Gadolinium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/gadolinium/)
- [Europium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/europium/)
- [Dysprosium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/dysprosium/)
- [Ytterbium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/ytterbium/)
- [Erbium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/erbium/)
- [Terbium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/terbium/)
- [Avantage](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/avantage/)
- [Americium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/americium/)
- [Uranium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/uranium/)
- [Holmium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/holmium/)
- [Thulium](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/thulium/)
- [REELS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/reels-data-analysis/)
- [CasaXPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/casaxps/)
- [UPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/ups/)
- [UPS](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/ups-2/)
- [KherveFitting](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/khervefitting/)
- [Thickness analysis](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/thickness-analysis/)
- [Overlayers](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/overlayers/)
- [Surveys](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/surveys/)
- [Raman Spectroscopy](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/raman-spectroscopy/)
- [Raman Fundamanetals](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/raman-fundamanetals/)
- [Fundamental Spectroscopy](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/fundamental-spectroscopy/)
- [Optical Spectroscopy](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/optical-spectroscopy/)
- [Raman Instrumentation](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/raman-instrumentation/)
- [Physical Chemistry](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/physical-chemistry/)
- [Electrostatics](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/electrostatics/)
- [Electronic structure](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/electronic-structure/)
- [Chemical Bonding](https://www.harwellxps.guru/docs-tag/chemical-bonding-physical-chemistry/)