The doorway to XPS enlightenment
Bond order describes the number of chemical bonds between two atoms and directly influences the binding energies, chemical shifts, and peak shapes observed in XPS spectra — understanding it is essential for accurate chemical state assignment.
Every XPS peak traces back to a specific electronic energy level in an atom. Understanding how these levels are structured — and why they have the energies they do — is the foundation of interpreting any XPS spectrum.
XPS probes core electrons, but valence electrons drive chemistry. Understanding the difference — and the relationship between them — is essential for interpreting XPS spectra correctly.
Binding energy is the foundation of every XPS measurement. Learn what it means physically, how it is measured, and why chemical environment shifts it.
Polarizability describes how easily the electron cloud of an atom, molecule, or solid can be distorted by an electric field. It plays a central role in Raman spectroscopy, dielectric behaviour, and electron spectroscopies such as Auger and XPS.