The doorway to XPS enlightenment
Every XPS peak traces back to a specific electronic energy level in an atom. Understanding how these levels are structured — and why they have the energies they do — is the foundation of interpreting any XPS spectrum.
XPS probes core electrons, but valence electrons drive chemistry. Understanding the difference — and the relationship between them — is essential for interpreting XPS spectra correctly.
Binding energy is the foundation of every XPS measurement. Learn what it means physically, how it is measured, and why chemical environment shifts it.